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report:soa [2026/04/30 17:17] – [2.4 Comparative analysis] team5report:soa [2026/05/16 20:36] (current) – team5
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-=== 2.2.1 Interactive urban light installations ===+== 2.2.1 Interactive urban light installations ==
  
 Kinetic particles is an interactive art installation that connects human physical movement with digital projections [(kinetic_particles)]. By using cameras and deep learning technology, the system tracks the body movements of performers and audience members in real-time, as illustrated in Figure {{ref>fig:kinetac}}. This tracking data is then used to control words and letters that are projected onto the walls of the room. When people move, their gestures (like the speed of their wrists) act like a force that pushes the projected text around, turning the words into moving particles. The project is designed to be an immersive experience where multiple people can explore the connection between their physical actions and the digital environment, allowing them to collaborate and interact with each other. Kinetic particles is an interactive art installation that connects human physical movement with digital projections [(kinetic_particles)]. By using cameras and deep learning technology, the system tracks the body movements of performers and audience members in real-time, as illustrated in Figure {{ref>fig:kinetac}}. This tracking data is then used to control words and letters that are projected onto the walls of the room. When people move, their gestures (like the speed of their wrists) act like a force that pushes the projected text around, turning the words into moving particles. The project is designed to be an immersive experience where multiple people can explore the connection between their physical actions and the digital environment, allowing them to collaborate and interact with each other.
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-=== 2.2.2 Community stories ===+== 2.2.2 Community stories ==
  
 This article describes the project Keitai Trail in which researchers used mobile phones to collect and link personal stories from people in public spaces [(numa2009keitai)]. During an art festival, the researchers made a workshop, seen in Figure {{ref>fig:keitai}}. Here participants recorded short videos based on a specific question-and-answer game. Each person answered a question from a previous participant, shared a short story, and then posed a new question for the next participant. All these connected stories were then projected onto a large screen so that participants could view the entire network of videos. The aim was to change users' mindsets by using everyday mobile phones as creative means of expression rather than just for one-way communication [(numa2009keitai)]. 
 This article describes the project Keitai Trail in which researchers used mobile phones to collect and link personal stories from people in public spaces [(numa2009keitai)]. During an art festival, the researchers made a workshop, seen in Figure {{ref>fig:keitai}}. Here participants recorded short videos based on a specific question-and-answer game. Each person answered a question from a previous participant, shared a short story, and then posed a new question for the next participant. All these connected stories were then projected onto a large screen so that participants could view the entire network of videos. The aim was to change users' mindsets by using everyday mobile phones as creative means of expression rather than just for one-way communication [(numa2009keitai)]. 

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-=== 2.2.3 Participatory Public Art ===+== 2.2.3 Participatory Public Art ==
  
 This article outlines the evolution of materials used in public art and how new technologies have led to interactive and participatory installations [(publicartinstallations2014)]. The authors categorize art forms into static, dynamic, interactive, and participatory levels. In participatory forms, artists do not just create a final object; they design a platform that grows through the creative input of the public. The paper highlights several design cases to illustrate this concept. One example is "Strijp-T-ogether", an installation designed for a creative industrial area. It uses a mobile app where users can draw or add graphics to a photo of the main hall. These additions are then projected into the physical space and appear on other users' phones, encouraging people to react to each other's drawings and stimulating social interaction among individuals from different companies (see Figure {{ref>fig:strijp}}). Another example, "Leave Your Mark", uses projection mapping and a live camera feed to connect two different locations in a city, allowing a person walking by to see a stranger "drawing" on the installation elsewhere, aiming to increase feelings of inclusion and connectedness. This article outlines the evolution of materials used in public art and how new technologies have led to interactive and participatory installations [(publicartinstallations2014)]. The authors categorize art forms into static, dynamic, interactive, and participatory levels. In participatory forms, artists do not just create a final object; they design a platform that grows through the creative input of the public. The paper highlights several design cases to illustrate this concept. One example is "Strijp-T-ogether", an installation designed for a creative industrial area. It uses a mobile app where users can draw or add graphics to a photo of the main hall. These additions are then projected into the physical space and appear on other users' phones, encouraging people to react to each other's drawings and stimulating social interaction among individuals from different companies (see Figure {{ref>fig:strijp}}). Another example, "Leave Your Mark", uses projection mapping and a live camera feed to connect two different locations in a city, allowing a person walking by to see a stranger "drawing" on the installation elsewhere, aiming to increase feelings of inclusion and connectedness.
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 ==== 2.3 Research ==== ==== 2.3 Research ====
  
-=== 2.3.1 Loneliness in public spaces ===+== 2.3.1 Loneliness in public spaces ==
  
 A central motivation behind Connect is the observation that people in dense urban environments such as metro carriages, often feel more disconnected from those around them, not less. This paradox is supported by the research article “Lonely in a crowd” [(Hammoud2021)], who investigated the real-time relationship between loneliness and the social environment, published in Scientific Reports. Using a smartphone-based assessment method, 756 participants across multiple countries reported their momentary feelings of loneliness up to three times daily over 14 days, alongside observations about their immediate environment [(Hammoud2021)].  A central motivation behind Connect is the observation that people in dense urban environments such as metro carriages, often feel more disconnected from those around them, not less. This paradox is supported by the research article “Lonely in a crowd” [(Hammoud2021)], who investigated the real-time relationship between loneliness and the social environment, published in Scientific Reports. Using a smartphone-based assessment method, 756 participants across multiple countries reported their momentary feelings of loneliness up to three times daily over 14 days, alongside observations about their immediate environment [(Hammoud2021)]. 
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-=== 2.3.2 Microcontroller ===+== 2.3.2 Microcontroller ==
  
 The decision to use a microcontroller from the ESP32 family is supported by a comparative analysis of microcontroller platforms for the Internet of Things (IoT) and embedded systems [(maier2017)]. The study evaluates the ESP32 against comparable boards and concludes that its combination of low cost, low power consumption, and compatibility with the Arduino development environment makes it well suited for sensor-driven embedded applications. The decision to use a microcontroller from the ESP32 family is supported by a comparative analysis of microcontroller platforms for the Internet of Things (IoT) and embedded systems [(maier2017)]. The study evaluates the ESP32 against comparable boards and concludes that its combination of low cost, low power consumption, and compatibility with the Arduino development environment makes it well suited for sensor-driven embedded applications.
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 Maier et al. confirmed that the ESP32-C3 offers sufficient processing capacity for single-task embedded nodes at low power. In Connect, each Sensor Node performs only ADC polling and CAN transmission, while the Central Node only processes incoming CAN frames and drives LED output. No parallel processing is required at either node, making the single-core WEMOS C3 Mini the appropriate and cost-effective choice. Maier et al. confirmed that the ESP32-C3 offers sufficient processing capacity for single-task embedded nodes at low power. In Connect, each Sensor Node performs only ADC polling and CAN transmission, while the Central Node only processes incoming CAN frames and drives LED output. No parallel processing is required at either node, making the single-core WEMOS C3 Mini the appropriate and cost-effective choice.
  
-=== 2.3.3 Velostat sheet ===+== 2.3.3 Velostat sheet ==
  
 The decision to use velostat sheets for touch detection in the handrails of Connect is grounded in established research on flexible piezoresistive materials. Velostat is a polyethylene-carbon composite material that changes its electrical resistance in response to applied pressure. When compressed, the resistance decreases, producing a measurable electrical signal [(polym12122905)] The decision to use velostat sheets for touch detection in the handrails of Connect is grounded in established research on flexible piezoresistive materials. Velostat is a polyethylene-carbon composite material that changes its electrical resistance in response to applied pressure. When compressed, the resistance decreases, producing a measurable electrical signal [(polym12122905)]
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 Velostat is not perfectly linear and its sensitivity shifts with repeated use, as Dzedzickis et al. documented under cyclic loading conditions. The Sensor Node PCB addresses this directly: a 10 kΩ potentiometer on the board lets the sensitivity threshold be tuned physically during installation, without touching the firmware, which matters when grip pressure varies significantly between passengers. Velostat is not perfectly linear and its sensitivity shifts with repeated use, as Dzedzickis et al. documented under cyclic loading conditions. The Sensor Node PCB addresses this directly: a 10 kΩ potentiometer on the board lets the sensitivity threshold be tuned physically during installation, without touching the firmware, which matters when grip pressure varies significantly between passengers.
  
-=== 2.3.4 CAN Bus and MCP2551 transceiver ===+== 2.3.4 CAN Bus and MCP2551 transceiver ==
  
 Connect uses a distributed node architecture: each handrail pole contains an independent sensor node, and a central node at the ceiling receives their signals and controls the LED strip. Coordinating these nodes requires a communication protocol that can handle multiple transmitters on a shared line and remain reliable in an electrically noisy environment. Connect uses a distributed node architecture: each handrail pole contains an independent sensor node, and a central node at the ceiling receives their signals and controls the LED strip. Coordinating these nodes requires a communication protocol that can handle multiple transmitters on a shared line and remain reliable in an electrically noisy environment.
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 A metro carriage is electrically hostile. Traction motors and power converters produce continuous EMI that would corrupt single-ended protocols like Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C) or Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter (UART). Bozdal et al. document exactly this weakness in non-differential bus architectures, which is why Connect uses CAN throughout.  A metro carriage is electrically hostile. Traction motors and power converters produce continuous EMI that would corrupt single-ended protocols like Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C) or Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter (UART). Bozdal et al. document exactly this weakness in non-differential bus architectures, which is why Connect uses CAN throughout. 
  
-=== 2.3.5 WS2812B addressable LED strip ===+== 2.3.5 WS2812B addressable LED strip ==
  
 The WS2812B is an individually addressable RGB LED component that integrates the control circuit and the RGB emitter into a single 5050-format package [(WORLDSEMI_WS2812B)]. Each unit contains a built-in driver IC that receives colour data, applies it to its own output, and passes the remaining data to the next unit in the chain via a single data line. This daisy-chain architecture The WS2812B is an individually addressable RGB LED component that integrates the control circuit and the RGB emitter into a single 5050-format package [(WORLDSEMI_WS2812B)]. Each unit contains a built-in driver IC that receives colour data, applies it to its own output, and passes the remaining data to the next unit in the chain via a single data line. This daisy-chain architecture
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