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 - **Research:** Academic studies and technical documentation covering loneliness in urban environments, velostat as a pressure-sensing material, the ESP32 microcontroller family, CAN bus communication and addressable LED components. - **Research:** Academic studies and technical documentation covering loneliness in urban environments, velostat as a pressure-sensing material, the ESP32 microcontroller family, CAN bus communication and addressable LED components.
 - **Comparative analysis:** A structured overview of the products, installations, and sources reviewed in this chapter, summarising their relevance to Connect. - **Comparative analysis:** A structured overview of the products, installations, and sources reviewed in this chapter, summarising their relevance to Connect.
 +
 ==== 2.2 Products ==== ==== 2.2 Products ====
  
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 === 2.2.1 Interactive urban light installations === === 2.2.1 Interactive urban light installations ===
  
-Kinetic particles is an interactive art installation that connects human physical movement with digital projections [(kinetic-particles)]. By using cameras and deep learning technology, the system tracks the body movements of performers and audience members in real-time, as illustrated in Figure {{ref>fig:kinetac}}. This tracking data is then used to control words and letters that are projected onto the walls of the room. When people move, their gestures (like the speed of their wrists) act like a force that pushes the projected text around, turning the words into moving particles. The project is designed to be an immersive experience where multiple people can explore the connection between their physical actions and the digital environment, allowing them to collaborate and interact with each other.+Kinetic particles is an interactive art installation that connects human physical movement with digital projections [(kinetic_particles)]. By using cameras and deep learning technology, the system tracks the body movements of performers and audience members in real-time, as illustrated in Figure {{ref>fig:kinetac}}. This tracking data is then used to control words and letters that are projected onto the walls of the room. When people move, their gestures (like the speed of their wrists) act like a force that pushes the projected text around, turning the words into moving particles. The project is designed to be an immersive experience where multiple people can explore the connection between their physical actions and the digital environment, allowing them to collaborate and interact with each other.
 This article is highly relevant to our research because both projects use technology to create a shared, physical experience rather than isolating people. In the "Kinetic particles" installation, multiple spectators can simultaneously interact with an immersive digital environment. The authors note that this collective setup invites people to collaborate and synchronize their movements. This directly connects to our idea of blending passengers' light colors in the metro. Additionally, the project demonstrates that giving intuitive, real-time visual feedback based on physical actions creates a lively and organic interaction. We can use these findings as proof that interactive design can effectively pull people out of their digital bubbles and connect them with strangers. This article is highly relevant to our research because both projects use technology to create a shared, physical experience rather than isolating people. In the "Kinetic particles" installation, multiple spectators can simultaneously interact with an immersive digital environment. The authors note that this collective setup invites people to collaborate and synchronize their movements. This directly connects to our idea of blending passengers' light colors in the metro. Additionally, the project demonstrates that giving intuitive, real-time visual feedback based on physical actions creates a lively and organic interaction. We can use these findings as proof that interactive design can effectively pull people out of their digital bubbles and connect them with strangers.
  
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 <figure fig:kinetac> <figure fig:kinetac>
 {{ :report:pictures_product_1.png?direct&400 |}} {{ :report:pictures_product_1.png?direct&400 |}}
-<caption>Kinetic Particles installation: text particles responding to audience movement[(kinetic-particles)]</caption>+<caption>Kinetic Particles installation: text particles responding to audience movement [(kinetic_particles)]</caption>
 </figure> </figure>
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 <figure fig:keitai> <figure fig:keitai>
 {{ :report:pictures_product_2.png?direct&400 |}} {{ :report:pictures_product_2.png?direct&400 |}}
-<caption>Kinetic particle installation [(numa2009keitai)]</caption>+<caption>Project installation [(numa2009keitai)]</caption>
 </figure> </figure>
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 === 2.2.3 Participatory Public Art === === 2.2.3 Participatory Public Art ===
  
-This article outlines the evolution of materials used in public art and how new technologies have led to interactive and participatory installations [(publicartinstallations2014)]. The authors categorize art forms into static, dynamic, interactive, and participatory levels. In participatory forms, artists do not just create a final object; they design a platform that grows through the creative input of the public. The paper highlights several design cases to illustrate this concept. One example is "Strijp-T-ogether", an installation designed for a creative industrial area. It uses a mobile app where users can draw or add graphics to a photo of the main hall. These additions are then projected into the physical space and appear on other users' phones, encouraging people to react to each other's drawings and stimulating social interaction among individuals from different companies(see Figure {{ref>fig:strijp}}). Another example, "Leave Your Mark", uses projection mapping and a live camera feed to connect two different locations in a city, allowing a person walking by to see a stranger "drawing" on the installation elsewhere, aiming to increase feelings of inclusion and connectedness.+This article outlines the evolution of materials used in public art and how new technologies have led to interactive and participatory installations [(publicartinstallations2014)]. The authors categorize art forms into static, dynamic, interactive, and participatory levels. In participatory forms, artists do not just create a final object; they design a platform that grows through the creative input of the public. The paper highlights several design cases to illustrate this concept. One example is "Strijp-T-ogether", an installation designed for a creative industrial area. It uses a mobile app where users can draw or add graphics to a photo of the main hall. These additions are then projected into the physical space and appear on other users' phones, encouraging people to react to each other's drawings and stimulating social interaction among individuals from different companies (see Figure {{ref>fig:strijp}}). Another example, "Leave Your Mark", uses projection mapping and a live camera feed to connect two different locations in a city, allowing a person walking by to see a stranger "drawing" on the installation elsewhere, aiming to increase feelings of inclusion and connectedness.
 This article is relevant to Connect because it provides a theoretical framework for participatory public art. The examples demonstrate that combining a physical environment with a digital, co-creative layer can foster social interaction between strangers in a shared space. This supports the argument that Connect's approach, where passengers collectively shape a visual environment through touch follows an established design principle for creating a sense of shared presence.  This article is relevant to Connect because it provides a theoretical framework for participatory public art. The examples demonstrate that combining a physical environment with a digital, co-creative layer can foster social interaction between strangers in a shared space. This supports the argument that Connect's approach, where passengers collectively shape a visual environment through touch follows an established design principle for creating a sense of shared presence. 
  
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 </WRAP> </WRAP>
  
 +While these installations demonstrate how interactive systems can foster shared experiences, they rely on large-scale sensing technologies such as cameras and projection systems. In contrast, Connect translates these principles into a distributed embedded system suitable for a metro environment, using touch-based sensing, microcontrollers, and LED feedback.
 ==== 2.3 Research ==== ==== 2.3 Research ====
  
 === 2.3.1 Loneliness in public spaces === === 2.3.1 Loneliness in public spaces ===
  
-A central motivation behind Connect is the observation that people in dense urban environments such as metro carriages, often feel more disconnected from those around them, not less. This paradox is supported by the research article “Lonely in a crowd”[(hammoud2021)], who investigated the real-time relationship between loneliness and the social environment, published in Scientific Reports. Using a smartphone-based assessment method, 756 participants across multiple countries reported their momentary feelings of loneliness up to three times daily over 14 days, alongside observations about their immediate environment [(hammoud2021)]. \\+A central motivation behind Connect is the observation that people in dense urban environments such as metro carriages, often feel more disconnected from those around them, not less. This paradox is supported by the research article “Lonely in a crowd” [(Hammoud2021)], who investigated the real-time relationship between loneliness and the social environment, published in Scientific Reports. Using a smartphone-based assessment method, 756 participants across multiple countries reported their momentary feelings of loneliness up to three times daily over 14 days, alongside observations about their immediate environment [(Hammoud2021)]. 
  
-The study found that perceived overcrowding was positively associated with loneliness (OR: 1.39), meaning that being surrounded by many people did not reduce feelings of isolation, it increased them. In contrast, perceived social inclusivity, defined as feeling welcome, feeling that others would help you, and sensing shared values with those nearby, was significantly associated with lower loneliness (OR: 0.79). Contact with nature similarly reduced loneliness (OR: 0.72), and the two effects amplified each other when combined [(hammoud2021)].\\+The study found that perceived overcrowding was positively associated with loneliness (OR: 1.39), meaning that being surrounded by many people did not reduce feelings of isolation, it increased them. In contrast, perceived social inclusivity, defined as feeling welcome, feeling that others would help you, and sensing shared values with those nearby, was significantly associated with lower loneliness (OR: 0.79). Contact with nature similarly reduced loneliness (OR: 0.72), and the two effects amplified each other when combined [(Hammoud2021)].
  
-The findings from this study highlights the problem we want to solve with our project. They suggest that placing people in proximity to one another is not enough to create a sense of belonging, what matters is whether people feel acknowledged and included by those around them [(hammoud2021)]. We aspire to address this by creating a shared experience that makes the presence of fellow passengers visible and meaningful, without requiring explicit social interaction. Rather than demanding conversation or eye contact, it uses light as a medium to signal to passengers that they are part of a collective moment.\\+The findings from this study highlights the problem we want to solve with our project. They suggest that placing people in proximity to one another is not enough to create a sense of belonging, what matters is whether people feel acknowledged and included by those around them [(Hammoud2021)]. We aspire to address this by creating a shared experience that makes the presence of fellow passengers visible and meaningful, without requiring explicit social interaction. Rather than demanding conversation or eye contact, it uses light as a medium to signal to passengers that they are part of a collective moment.
  
 It should be noted that the study has limitations. The sample was self-selected and the main participants was educated, middle-aged, Caucasian participants, which limits how broadly the findings can be generalized. Loneliness was also measured with a single survey item, and the study is observational, meaning the associations found do not establish causation. Still, the core finding, that overcrowding increases loneliness while perceived inclusivity reduces it, provides a meaningful theoretical basis for our project. It should be noted that the study has limitations. The sample was self-selected and the main participants was educated, middle-aged, Caucasian participants, which limits how broadly the findings can be generalized. Loneliness was also measured with a single survey item, and the study is observational, meaning the associations found do not establish causation. Still, the core finding, that overcrowding increases loneliness while perceived inclusivity reduces it, provides a meaningful theoretical basis for our project.
 +
 +Despite these limitations, the finding by Hammoud et al. that perceived overcrowding increases loneliness (OR: 1.39) while inclusivity reduces it (OR: 0.79) directly shaped Connect’s output design. We operationalized this by projecting color across the shared ceiling rather than limiting feedback to a single pole, ensuring each passenger's presence is visible to the entire carriage.
  
  
 === 2.3.2 Microcontroller === === 2.3.2 Microcontroller ===
  
-The decision to use a microcontroller from the ESP32 family is supported by a +The decision to use a microcontroller from the ESP32 family is supported by a comparative analysis of microcontroller platforms for IoT and embedded systems [(maier2017)]. The study evaluates the ESP32 against comparable boards and concludes that its combination of low cost, low power consumption, and compatibility with the Arduino development environment makes it well suited for sensor-driven embedded applications.
-comparative analysis of microcontroller platforms for IoT and embedded systems +
-[(maier2017)]. The study evaluates the ESP32 against comparable boards and concludes +
-that its combination of low cost, low power consumption, and compatibility with +
-the Arduino development environment makes it well suited for sensor-driven +
-embedded applications.+
  
-In Connect, the system is distributed across two types of nodes: sensor nodes embedded in each handrail pole, and a central ceiling node that drives the LED strip. Each node handles one task: either reading pressure input from the velostat sensor, or sending colour signals to the LED strip. A single-core microcontroller is sufficient for this, as no parallel processing is required at the node level. The ESP32 microcontroller can handle multiple tasks simultaneously[(maier2017)], which is not necessary for our project. Therefore we use the WEMOS mini, a development board based on the ESP32-C3 is used for this. It is a single-core RISC-V variant in the ESP32 family. This was chosen due to its compact form factor and lower power consumption compared to the dual-core original [(ESPRESSIF_C3_DATASHEET)].+In Connect, the system is distributed across two types of nodes: sensor nodes embedded in each handrail pole, and a central ceiling node that drives the LED strip. Each node handles one task: either reading pressure input from the velostat sensor, or sending colour signals to the LED strip. A single-core microcontroller is sufficient for this, as no parallel processing is required at the node level. The ESP32 microcontroller can handle multiple tasks simultaneously [(maier2017)], which is not necessary for our project. Therefore we use the WEMOS mini, a development board based on the ESP32-C3 is used for this. It is a single-core RISC-V variant in the ESP32 family. This was chosen due to its compact form factor and lower power consumption compared to the dual-core original [(ESPRESSIF_C3_DATASHEET)].
  
 The Arduino-compatible development environment shared across the ESP32 family is a practical advantage for our multidisciplinary student team, as it is «beginner-friendly» and have several libraries for both sensor input and LED control [(maier2017)]. The Arduino-compatible development environment shared across the ESP32 family is a practical advantage for our multidisciplinary student team, as it is «beginner-friendly» and have several libraries for both sensor input and LED control [(maier2017)].
 +
 +Maier et al. confirmed that the ESP32-C3 offers sufficient processing capacity for single-task embedded nodes at low power. In Connect, each Sensor Node performs only ADC polling and CAN transmission, while the Central Node only processes incoming CAN frames and drives LED output. No parallel processing is required at either node, making the single-core WEMOS C3 Mini the appropriate and cost-effective choice.
 +
 === 2.3.3 Velostat sheet === === 2.3.3 Velostat sheet ===
  
 The decision to use velostat sheets for touch detection in the handrails of Connect is grounded in established research on flexible piezoresistive materials. Velostat is a polyethylene-carbon composite material that changes its electrical resistance in response to applied pressure. When compressed, the resistance decreases, producing a measurable electrical signal [(polym12122905)] The decision to use velostat sheets for touch detection in the handrails of Connect is grounded in established research on flexible piezoresistive materials. Velostat is a polyethylene-carbon composite material that changes its electrical resistance in response to applied pressure. When compressed, the resistance decreases, producing a measurable electrical signal [(polym12122905)]
-Dzedzickis et al. evaluated the mechanical and electrical characteristics of velostat as a tactile sensor material, testing it under static, long-term, and cyclic load conditions.\\ The results confirm that velostat produces consistent, repeatable signals across multiple loading cycles, and that it can be implemented using a simple electrode pair[(polym12122905)]. These properties make it well suited for Connect, where the sensor must reliably detect the pressure of a passenger gripping a handrail and produce a signal the ESP32 can read.\\+Dzedzickis et al. evaluated the mechanical and electrical characteristics of velostat as a tactile sensor material, testing it under static, long-term, and cyclic load conditions. 
 + 
 +The results confirm that velostat produces consistent, repeatable signals across multiple loading cycles, and that it can be implemented using a simple electrode pair [(polym12122905)]. These properties make it well suited for Connect, where the sensor must reliably detect the pressure of a passenger gripping a handrail and produce a signal the ESP32 can read.
  
 A practical advantage of velostat for this application is its flexibility. The material is thin and can conform to curved surfaces such as a handrail without requiring rigid mounting. One limitation noted in the research is that velostat's response is not perfectly linear and may drift slightly under repeated use [(polym12122905)]. To account for this, the sensor node includes a 10 kΩ potentiometer that allows the sensitivity to be manually adjusted during prototyping until reliable detection is achieved. A practical advantage of velostat for this application is its flexibility. The material is thin and can conform to curved surfaces such as a handrail without requiring rigid mounting. One limitation noted in the research is that velostat's response is not perfectly linear and may drift slightly under repeated use [(polym12122905)]. To account for this, the sensor node includes a 10 kΩ potentiometer that allows the sensitivity to be manually adjusted during prototyping until reliable detection is achieved.
 +
 +Velostat is not perfectly linear and its sensitivity shifts with repeated use, as Dzedzickis et al. documented under cyclic loading conditions. The Sensor Node PCB addresses this directly: a 10 kΩ potentiometer on the board lets the sensitivity threshold be tuned physically during installation, without touching the firmware, which matters when grip pressure varies significantly between passengers.
  
 === 2.3.4 CAN Bus and MCP2551 transceiver === === 2.3.4 CAN Bus and MCP2551 transceiver ===
  
-Connect uses a distributed node architecture: each handrail pole contains an independent sensor node, and a central node at the ceiling receives their signals and controls the LED strip. Coordinating these nodes requires a communication protocol that can handle multiple transmitters on a shared line and remain reliable in an electrically noisy environment.\\+Connect uses a distributed node architecture: each handrail pole contains an independent sensor node, and a central node at the ceiling receives their signals and controls the LED strip. Coordinating these nodes requires a communication protocol that can handle multiple transmitters on a shared line and remain reliable in an electrically noisy environment.
  
-CAN (Controller Area Network) is a serial communication protocol originally developed for automotive applications, where multiple electronic control units must communicate reliably despite high levels of electrical interference[(BOZDAL)]. It is standardised under ISO 11898 and is widely used in embedded systems beyond the automotive industry, including industrial and building automation contexts [(ISO11898)]. Of particular relevance to Connect is CAN’s use of differential signalling: the bus carries each signal across two lines with opposite voltages, so interference affects both lines equally and is cancelled out at the receiver [(BOZDAL)]. This makes CAN significantly more robust against electromagnetic noise than single-ended alternatives, which is important in the context of a metro carriage.+CAN (Controller Area Network) is a serial communication protocol originally developed for automotive applications, where multiple electronic control units must communicate reliably despite high levels of electrical interference [(BOZDAL)]. It is standardised under ISO 11898 and is widely used in embedded systems beyond the automotive industry, including industrial and building automation contexts [(ISO11898)]. Of particular relevance to Connect is CAN’s use of differential signalling: the bus carries each signal across two lines with opposite voltages, so interference affects both lines equally and is cancelled out at the receiver [(BOZDAL)]. This makes CAN significantly more robust against electromagnetic noise than single-ended alternatives, which is important in the context of a metro carriage.
  
 The MCP2551 is a high-speed CAN transceiver developed by Microchip Technology that implements the physical layer of the ISO 11898 standard [(MCP2551)]. It acts as the interface between the microcontroller's digital TX/RX pins and the differential CAN bus line. One unit is placed at each node both the sensor nodes in the poles and the central ceiling node. The MCP2551 is a high-speed CAN transceiver developed by Microchip Technology that implements the physical layer of the ISO 11898 standard [(MCP2551)]. It acts as the interface between the microcontroller's digital TX/RX pins and the differential CAN bus line. One unit is placed at each node both the sensor nodes in the poles and the central ceiling node.
 +
 +A metro carriage is electrically hostile. Traction motors and power converters produce continuous EMI that would corrupt single-ended protocols like I2C or UART. Bozdal et al. document exactly this weakness in non-differential bus architectures, which is why Connect uses CAN throughout. 
  
 === 2.3.5 WS2812B addressable LED strip === === 2.3.5 WS2812B addressable LED strip ===
  
 The WS2812B is an individually addressable RGB LED component that integrates the control circuit and the RGB emitter into a single 5050-format package [(WORLDSEMI_WS2812B)]. Each unit contains a built-in driver IC that receives colour data, applies it to its own output, and passes the remaining data to the next unit in the chain via a single data line. This daisy-chain architecture The WS2812B is an individually addressable RGB LED component that integrates the control circuit and the RGB emitter into a single 5050-format package [(WORLDSEMI_WS2812B)]. Each unit contains a built-in driver IC that receives colour data, applies it to its own output, and passes the remaining data to the next unit in the chain via a single data line. This daisy-chain architecture
-means the entire ceiling strip can be controlled from one digital output pin on the microcontroller[(WORLDSEMI_WS2812B)].+means the entire ceiling strip can be controlled from one digital output pin on the microcontroller [(WORLDSEMI_WS2812B)].
  
-Individual addressability is essential for Connect's core interaction: each passenger's contact with a handrail must produce a distinct colour that travels visibly up the pole and merges with others across the ceiling. The WS2812B supports 256 brightness levels per colour channel, giving a total of approximately 16.7 million possible colours[(WORLDSEMI_WS2812B)].+Individual addressability is essential for Connect's core interaction: each passenger's contact with a handrail must produce a distinct colour that travels visibly up the pole and merges with others across the ceiling. The WS2812B supports 256 brightness levels per colour channel, giving a total of approximately 16.7 million possible colours [(WORLDSEMI_WS2812B)].
  
 The strip is compatible with the FastLED library available in the Arduino development environment, which is consistent with the microcontroller platform used across the rest of the system. The strip is compatible with the FastLED library available in the Arduino development environment, which is consistent with the microcontroller platform used across the rest of the system.
 +
 +
 +Connect consists of multiple distributed sensor nodes embedded in handrails, each detecting passenger interaction through velostat sensors. These nodes communicate via a CAN bus network to a central controller located in the ceiling, which drives an addressable LED strip to visualise collective interaction.
 ==== 2.4 Comparative analysis ==== ==== 2.4 Comparative analysis ====
  
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 </table> </table>
 ==== 2.5 Summary ==== ==== 2.5 Summary ====
-This chapter has reviewed existing installations, research, and technical +This chapter has reviewed existing installations, research, and technical literature relevant to Connect. Kinetic Particles and Strijp-T-ogether demonstrate that physical interaction driving real-time visual feedback can create a genuine sense of shared presence between strangers, while Keitai Trail shows that lowering the participation threshold through familiar everyday actions produces stronger community engagement. Both observations informed the two-phase structure of Connect: immediate ambient light response in Phase 1, and the delayed QR voice platform in Phase 2.
-literature relevant to Connect. Interactive installations such as Kinetic +
-Particles and Strijp-T-ogether demonstrate that real-time visual feedback +
-based on physical interaction can effectively create a sense of shared presence +
-between strangers. Keitai Trail shows that everyday devices can lower the +
-threshold for participation and foster community through co-creation. +
- +
-The research by Hammoud et al. provides the core theoretical motivation for +
-the project: overcrowding alone does not reduce loneliness, what matters is +
-whether people feel acknowledged and included. This finding directly informs +
-the design goal of Connect.+
  
-On the technical side, the literature and component documentation support the +Hammoud et al. establish the core social motivation: proximity alone does not reduce loneliness, perceived inclusivity does. That finding is not just context for Connect, it is the reason the light output targets the shared ceiling rather than the individual pole, and why the blending of multiple passengers' colors is the central mechanic rather than a secondary feature.
-use of velostat sheets for pressure detection in the handrails, the WEMOS C3 +
-mini as a low-power microcontroller suited to single-task embedded nodes, CAN +
-bus as a noise-resistant communication protocol for a distributed multi-node +
-system, and the WS2812B as an addressable LED component capable of producing +
-individually controlled colours across the ceiling strip.+
  
-Together, these sources establish both the problem Connect aims to address and +The technical decisions follow from documented constraints rather than preference. Velostat handles pressure detection in the handrails because it is flexible, consistent under cyclic load, and manageable despite its non-linearity through the on-board potentiometer. CAN handles inter-node communication because the metro's EMI environment makes single-ended protocols unreliable. The WEMOS C3 Mini handles local processing because the node tasks are simple enough that a single-core microcontroller is sufficient and lower power. The WS2812B handles ceiling output because individual addressability from one data line maps directly onto the distributed node architecture.
-the technical foundation for how it will be built.+
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